A new programme of missions : a movement to make the colleges in all lands centers of evangelization

^ NEA^ PRpGRAmt

tibr<xvy of Che t:heolo0ical ^tminary

PRINXETON . NEW JERSEY

FROM THE LIBRARY OF
ROBERT ELLIOTT SPEER

BV 2060 .W6 1895

Wishard, Luther D. b. 1854.

A new programme of missions

^jj^ Co6uca^

A NEW PROGRAMME OF
MISSIONS

i FED 6 1959

A NEW PROGRAMife»^!:i^
OF MISSIONS

A MOVEMENT TO MAKE THE COLLEGES IN ALL LANDS
CENTERS OF EVANGELIZATION

BY

LUTHER D. WISHARD

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

Rev. RICHARD S. STORRS, D.D.

^

FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY

New York Chicago Toronto

1895

Copyright, 1895,
By Fleming H. Revell Company.

INTRODUCTION

I HAVE read with very great interest what Mr.
Wishard has written, and what he proposes to
pubHsh, on the relation of the Students' Christian
Movement here and abroad to the evangeHzation
of the world. I have been profoundly impressed
by his statement of facts, by the conclusions
which he draws from such facts, and by the
bright and vast outlook into the future which his
book suggests.

I most earnestly commend it to the thoughtful
and devout attention of those into whose hands
it may come, surely believing that the blessing
of God will go with it to every mind and heart
which it shall reach and stir, and that money and
men will be powerfully attracted by it to a Chris-
tian work already of so large a reach, and, for the
future, of such immense and shining promise.

Richard S. Storrs.

Brooklyn, N. Y., March 19, 1895.
5

**/« the great Eternity which is beyond, among the many marvels
that will burst upon the soitl, this surely will be one of the greatest,
that the Son of God came to redeem the world, that certain indi-
viduals were chosen out from mankind to be the first-fruits of the new
creation, that to thej7i was committed the iticonceivable honor of
proclaiming the glad tidings of salvation to their fellow-creatures
still in darkness, and that they did not do it. Centuries were
allowed to move sloiidy by, ivhile myj-iads of the lost race ivere
passing into that mysterious atid azvful Eternity without the
knowledge of Him who died for them. Those choseti ones in each
age 7oho knew Him were not without love and loyalty. They did
glorify Him in their lives and sometimes by their deaths. They
defended His truth ; they cared for His poor; they gathered for
His worship. But — btit — the one grand propose of their existence
as the living spiritual Church, that they should be %vitnesses unto
Him ' unto the uttermost part of the earth,'' that they should
'preach the gospel to every creature^ — this they failed to fulfil ;
it scarcely occurred to them that they had to fulfil it. Here and
there an individual among them 7uould rise to a conception of his
calling; a Raytnond Lull or a John Eliot would spend and be
spent for the perishing heathen ; but the Church, the spiritual
Church, was asleep. At last some few members of it awoke.
They stirred up others. The evangelization of the world was under-
taken. Yet hoiv feebly ! And all this while, the Lord, whose
promised advent they professed to look and lotigfo?-, 7vas tarrying
because the wo7-k was not done that tnusi be done before His return.
In Eternity, we repeat, will any feature of the Fast be niore start-
ling than this?''

Eugene Stock.

CONTENTS

PAGE

I. A Proposed Solution of the Problem How to
Enlist a Force for the World's Evangeliza-
tion 9

II. The Solution Illustrated by Students' Chris-
tian Movements in the West 17

III. The Solution Illustrated by Christian Work

among Students in the Far East 29

IV. The Beginning of a Christian Movement in

the Colleges of Mission Lands 45

V. Progress of the Movement 57

VI. Elements of Permanence in the Movement . . 77
VII. A Threefold Appeal 91

A PROPOSED SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

HOW TO ENLIST A FORCE FOR THE

WORLD'S EVANGELIZATION

" Were not the great Refonners of every kingdom in Europe
natives of the kingdom refortncd? Had not Gerfnany its Luthers
and Melanchthons ? Switzerland its Bezas and Calvins? Eng-
land its Crajimers and Ridley s ? Scotland its Knoxes and Mel-
villes ? Suppose, for example, that he whose voice, once raised in
the center of Germany, shook the Vatican, dissolved antichristian
confederacies, and in its echoing responses has since reverberated
round the globe ; suppose that even the mighty Luther himself
had landed on our Scottish shore, think you that betiueen his com-
parative ignorance of the minute idioms of our tongue, and com-
parative inacqtiaintance with the national and provincial pecii-
liarities of the people — think you that even HE cotcld have become
the Reformer of Scotland? No ! It pleased that God who never
has made a superfluous display of supernatural power, to raise up
and qualify one who, from the very dawn of his being, had been
steeped into all the peculiarities, domestic and social, civil and
religious, which constitute the incommunicable national charac-
ter of a people, one who, having grown up to manhood saturated
with these peculiarities, could instinctively or intuitively, as it
were, touch a hundred secret chords in the hearts of his country-
men, with a thrilling power which no foreigner could ever emu-
late. In a word, it pleased Him who always most wisely adapts
His instruments to their intended operation to raise up and qualify
a John Knox to be the Refortner of Scotland. So, in like manner,
must we conclude, from the analogy of history and providence,
that WHEN THE TIME SET ARRIVES, THE REAL REFORMERS OF

Hindustan will be qualified Hindus. As in every other
case of national atuakening, the first impulse must come from
abroad ; its onward dynamic force must be of native growth.
The glimmering lights that usher in the dawn may sparkle from
afar in the western horizon ; but it is only in its 07vn firmament
that the Sun of Reformation can burst forth in effulgence over a
benighted land.^^

Alexander Duff.

10

A NEW PROGRAMME OF
MISSIONS

A PROPOSED SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM HOW

TO ENLIST A FORCE FOR THE WORLD'S

E VANGELIZA TION

One of the most cheering signs of promise of
the world's speedy evangelization is the wide
and thorough discussion of the fundamental
problems involved in the sublime enterprise.
Prominent among these problems are the sup-
port of mission churches; division of territory;
distribution of the missionary force ; denational-
ization of Christianity, or such divestment of the
gospel of accretions acquired by contact with the
various peoples professing it as will insure its pres-
entation in its primitive simplicity; the place of

12 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

prayer in missions ; the Holy Spirit's leadership ;
financial support ; and the enlistment of a force
sufficient for the world-wide preaching of the
gospel. This last question is singled out for
special discussion here. Two methods of enlist-
ing the force are to be considered.

In the first place, the Church's membership
and wealth are sufficient to furnish and maintain
an army of missionaries of such numbers as to
provide a missionary for every two thousand per-
sons in non-Christian lands. The Church's ability
to do this is undoubted, but the probability of
its doing it is scarcely conceivable. The under-
taking to furnish the one billion people in non-
Christian lands with even one third as large a pro-
portionate force of missionaries, including women
and other lay agents, as there are ordained min-
isters in the United States calls for an army of
five hundred thousand, or one in eighty of the
forty million evangelical communicants of Chris-
tendom. After one hundred years' agitation of
the foreign mission cause, we are furnishing only
about ten thousand, or one in four thousand of

A PROPOSED SOLUTION 1 3

the Church's membership for its foreign work.
We are certainly not likely to increase the force
fifty-fold within a generation or even a century.
Again, the financial outlay involved in the sup-
port of so vast a force would exceed six hundred
millions annually, or upward of twelve hundred
dollars a year per missionary. While this vast
sum is far within the Church's resources, it so far
exceeds its present annual contributions as to
leave little doubt as to the response that would
be made to such a demand. It was only with the
greatest difficulty that the nearly forty million
church members in Europe and America were
persuaded to dole out the pittance of fourteen
million dollars for the support of the foreign
work for 1894 — less than thirty-five cents per
capita for a year; less than one mill a day. If
this insignificant sum is all that can be secured
after a century of missionary appeal it is not
likely that the individual members of the churches
will rise to five cents a day very soon, small as
that amount is. The above method of solution of
this missionary problem needs but to be analyzed

14 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

to be rejected. The acknowledgment is made
with deep humihation, but in all candor it must
be made.

Inasmuch as it is clearly beyond the bounds of
probability that the church will furnish the rank
and file of an army of foreign missionaries ade-
quate to the speedy preaching and teaching of
the gospel to every creature, it is probable that
it can be relied upon for a force of at least thirty
thousand leaders for the enterprise. These lead-
ers, wisely distributed, would afford a station
manned by a half-dozen missionaries at the center
of every group of two hundred thousand people ;
and there is no doubt that this force, assisted by
the newly Christianized people associated with it,
can fully explain to every creature the meaning
of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. Nor
can the financial outlay involved in supporting
this moderate force be considered an insuperable
obstacle. So far from being extravagant, it is not
even generous. Thirty thousand missionaries can
be supported at a cost of thirty-six millions of
dollars annually — less than ninety cents a year,

A PROPOSED SOLUTION 1 5

or a quarter of a cent a day, from each church
member. If, therefore, eighty church members
may not be expected to send and support one of
their number at a cost of five cents a day, surely
every group of thirteen hundred may be looked
to for the support of one of their number at a
cost of a quarter of a cent a day each.

The large and generous method considered
first is dismissed all the more readily because of
certain well- ascertained facts which suggest the
feasibility of accomplishing the evangelistic en-
terprise on the more economical scale proposed.
The latter method, however, involves the enlist-
ment and training of a force of evangeHsts on the
foreign field. This really seems to be the only
solution to the problem. If it is only one of
many solutions, it deserves candid investigation ;
if it is the only solution, it demands the most
prayerful consideration of every student of mis-
sionary problems, of every foreign missionary, of
every financial supporter of the missionary cause,
of every one who ever prays, ''Thy kingdom
come." The solution proposed is this : convert

1 6 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

the colleges of foreign mission lands into strong-
holds and distributing centers of Christianity;
make them academies of the church militant to
train leaders for the present crusade of evangel-
ization, which it is hoped may be the last. This
method of solution is not an untried one. It has
been employed to a considerable extent by the
Church missionary boards and their representa-
tives almost from the very beginning of the mis-
sionary century now closing.

II

THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY STUDENTS'
CHRISTIAN MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST

17

''I have often thought that one of the great objects God had in
view in instituting the Young Men's Christian Association was
to attract from the world into the Church of Christ commercial
young men^ and men of education and culture; and then, having
bi-ought them to the Saviour and united them to the churches of
Christ, that they should be prepared to go forth to the ends of the
earth, I have desired this with all my heart.''''

Sir George Williams.

*'/ have long since ceased to pray, * Lord Jesus, have compassion
upon a lost world. ' / remember the day and the hour ivhen /seemed
to hear the Lord rebuking ?ne for making such a prayer. He
seetjted to say to me, * / have had compassion upon a lost world,
a?id nozv it is for you to have compassion. L have left you to fill
up that which is behind in Aline afflictions in the flesh for the
body''s sake, which is the Church, I have given My heart ; give
your hearts.'' "

A. J. Gordon.

i8

II

THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY STUDENTS'
CHRISTIAN MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST

The feasibility of making the student centers
of the world centers of evangelization finds abun-
dant support in the part which certain communi-
ties of Christian students have already performed
in modern church history throughout the West
and in the far East.

Most conspicuous among these was the Oxford
Holy Club, or Methodists, as certain Oxford
students nicknamed the society of the Wesleys,
Whitefield, and their associates. The members
of that society were derided and scoffed at in
Oxford ; but who can doubt that there was joy in
the presence of the angels in heaven when the
birth of that student brotherhood was announced ?
A very small room in Lincoln College was quite
19

20 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

large enough to furnish a meeting-place for all of
the Methodists in the world in 1730; but Eng-
land could be pretty densely populated now with
the present and former members of the one divi-
sion of the army of salvation headed by John
Wesley.

The haystack meeting in Williams College
prayed into existence the American Board, the
first American foreign missionary society, the in-
spiration of whose life and service has raised up
scores of other missionary boards and agencies.

The Williams students also set in motion a train
of influences which culminated in the formation
of the Intercollegiate Young Men's Christian As-
sociation, the largest students' fraternity in the
world. The supremacy of this fraternity among
college organizations in its aim, extent, and
achievements, and its intimate relationship to
the fundamental question under consideration,
demand for it more than passing notice.

The deepest spiritual movement in the history
of Princeton College began on the Day of Prayer
for Colleges in 1876. The revival overflowed to

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IVEST 21

other institutions which were visited by the
students. Letters were also received from other
colleges requesting prayer. The spiritual activity
awakened by the revival was propagated along
the line of a better organization of the Christian
society of the college. Thus without any pre-
determination, and in the most natural way pos-
sible, the two fundamental and distinguishing
features of the present world-wide Christian
movement among students were recognized and
employed — namely, thorough organization of the
Christian forces in college, and intercollegiate
cooperation. It was soon decided to perpetuate
these features upon an extended scale. Corre-
spondence was accordingly entered into, a na-
tional conference of students was held, and the
Intercollegiate Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion was born.

The aim of the movement is to make the col-
leges Christian in the most positive and aggressive
sense ; in other words, it is to lead every student
to do his whole Christian duty to his fellow-
students, to his country, and to the world.

22 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

In the cultivation of the college field the
students conduct prayer-meetings, Bible classes,
evangelistic services, and maintain a thorough
system of individual work. To make the college
a center of spiritual life in the community where
it is located, meetings are held in mission chapels,
district school-houses, almshouses, jails, hospitals,
and among the neglected classes in cities. Evan-
gelistic tours are made in some sections during
summer and winter vacations, and the gospel is
preached to young men and others in villages and
country communities which are rarely visited by
prominent evangeHsts. A special movement is
also in progress to urge the claims of the ministry
upon college men.

One of the most thoroughly emphasized and
organized features of the Association is its foreign
missionary department, which is designed to bring
students face to face with their obligations to the
world's evangelization. Meetings are held to
study missionary fields and problems, and to pray
for the Church's speedy fulfilment of Christ's last
command. The missionary department of the

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IV EST 23

Association has expanded into the Student Vol-
unteer Movement for Foreign Missions.

To stimulate the colleges in these activities
there is a system of intercollegiate codperation,
consisting of pubHcations, correspondence, con-
ventions, and visitation by graduates and stu-
dents. This vast and varied enterprise is con-
ducted by traveling secretaries under the direction
of state and international executive committees.

The International Committee of Young Men's
Christian Associations has from the beginning
pursued a course of inquiry from year to year as
to the effects of the organization in influencing
the lives of individual students and the character
of institutions. These annual investigations have
been recorded and preserved with such care that
it is possible to speak with considerable accuracy
of the results of the movement. It appears that
the Bible is studied far more than at any former
period, both in voluntary classes and as a text-
book in the college curriculum. The compiled
statistics of conversions indicate that over twenty-
five thousand students have during the past eigh-

24 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

teen years confessed Christ as Lord and Saviour.
Fully seventy-five thousand men have been en-
rolled in the membership of the Association, and
have thus been in training for the work which
many of them are now doing in the varied enter-
prises of the church; thirty-two hundred men are
reported as having been influenced through their
connection with the Association to devote them-
selves to the ministry. If the conversion of fifty
thousand persons in one generation can be traced
to the work of a band of men who were led into
the ministry as the result of one revival in Yale
during Timothy Dwight's presidency and under
his preaching, what estimate can fully express the
influence of the Association upon this generation
through the ministry of even one half of these
thirty-two hundred men? It was the opinion of
President McCosh that the Student Volunteer
Movement for Foreign Missions is the greatest
missionary revival since the first century. Al-
though less than nine years have elapsed since
this movement was fairly launched, at least seven
hundred students whose names are on its muster-

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IVEST 25

roll have gone to the front under commission of
the Church's missionary boards. The Student
Missionary Volunteers have written on their stan-
dard the stirring watch- cry, " The evangelization
of the world in this generation!" and have lifted
their standard so high that the sacramental host
throughout the world can see and follow it to
victory.

The significance of this great Christian renais-
sance in the universities is forcibly illustrated by
its extent. In America it has attained national
dimensions, including about five hundred institu-
tions in nearly every state, with a membership
exceeding thirty thousand students. It became
international early in its history, when the Univer-
sity of Toronto started the Canadian contingent,
which now extends from Prince Edward Island to
Winnipeg. It crossed the Atlantic ten years ago
and entered the University of Berlin. The Ger-
man university students have held annual Chris-
tian conferences since 1890, the last of which
effected a permanent national organization with
an executive committee, which is represented this

26 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

year for the first time by a student who is visiting
the universities for the purpose of stimulating and
organizing the activities of the students. For
several years previous to his entrance upon his
present important service the German Secretary
was successfully engaged in forming classes for
Bible study in the gymnasia. When one recalls
the supreme part which German students took in
the greatest reformation of the Church's history,
the present students' movement in the land of
the Reformation awakens the deepest interest and
liveliest expectations.

During the summer of 1889 a Christian gather-
ing of students in Japan sent a cable greeting to a
similar gathering of students in Northfield, Mass.
The message, " Make Jesus King," was suggested
by the gathering of the men of Israel around
David at Hebron to make him king over all
Israel. The message awakened great enthu-
siasm at Northfield, and was sent across the At-
lantic by mail to a student of Upsala University,
Sweden. He received the message in a dor-
mitory of Christiania University, Norway, and

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IVEST 27

read it to a group of students. It made a pro-
found impression. *' Is it possible," they ex-
claimed, '' that in Japan, a country which was
opened to the gospel less than a generation ago,
there is now a national movement of Christian
students, with a national assembly of five hun-
dred men, whereas here in Scandinavia, where
the gospel has been preached for centuries, the
students are doing little or nothing in an organ-
ized way to promote its spread ? " After prayer-
ful consultation it was decided to call a conference
of the students of Sweden, Norway, and Den-
mark. The conference assembled in the summer
of 1890. A second one was held during the
summer of 1892. These gatherings have already
exerted a marked influence upon the lives of many
men in the Scandinavian universities.

After a number of preliminary gatherings with
growing attendance, the students of Great Britain
and Ireland have formed a strong national union,
composed of all the leading universities of the
United Kingdom. The general scheme of local
and national organization closely resembles that

28 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

in America. From the vigorous and thorough
manner in which the leaders of the British
movement are prosecuting the enterprise, there is
no doubt that it will occupy from the beginning
a foremost place among the national movements
of Christian students which are forming around
the world.

The European movement, while but fairly-
launched, has already yielded such results as to
justify the faith of its projectors that it would
rally the young men of Britain and the Continent
to their part in the present era of world-wide
missions. The students in Great Britain alone
who have volunteered for missionary work are
numbered by hundreds, and the British Secretary
reported a year ago that fully ninety percent, of
the volunteers who have completed their period
of preparation are already on the foreign field.

Ill

THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY CHRISTIAN

WORK AMONG STUDENTS IN

THE FAR EAST

29

"/« order to occupy a front rank as Christian preachers, onr
young men mnst receive a first-class education. Ten years'" ex-
perience in Japan has given us a strong conviction that the best
possible method to evangelize her people is to raise up the native
agency, and such an agency can be only secured by imparting the
highest Christian culture to the best youths to be found. It may
be a costly %uork, but it will surely pay well at the end. The better
educated can do a larger work. Better-qualified preachers can or-
ganize self-sustaining and self -propagating churches much better
than the ill qtialified. So, impaj'ting a broad culture to our best
youths will be a most indispensable j?teans to win and prepare
thon for the Master's work.''''

Joseph Neesima.

"Some years ago a spiritual darkness had spread over the Syrian
missions, and we began to long and pray for the advent of the
Holy Spirit. We had a prayer-tneeting of the students of the
Syrian Protestant College. There were over eighty students pres-
ent. I represented the state of things in the college and out of it^
and then asked the students to spend a season in silent prayer.
After they had raised their heads I said, 'Now every one of you
who is resolved to give his life to the cause of Christ and his coun-
try, rise.'' Sixty of those students rose as by a common impulse,
and the revival of religion that commenced in that prayer-meeting
spread all through the country; and there were gathered in that
single year juore converts to the Church of Christ than had been
gathered in the six previous years."

George E. Post.

30

Ill

THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY CHRISTIAN
WORK AMONG STUDENTS IN THE FAR EAST

Is this movement capable of adaptation to the
students in foreign mission lands? The mere
proposal of this idea has kindled a lively hope in
the hearts of foreign missionaries. None have
watched more eagerly than they the spread of the
movement throughout America, and its auspicious
beginning in Europe. They believe that if the
students of the Christian lands of the West can be
brought into close contact with those of the East
who are just hearing of the gospel, the former will
impart to the latter the missionary spirit which is
the crowning characteristic of the great Christian
uprising in the West, and that a service will thus
be performed which will equal any service ever
rendered to the cause of foreign missions.
31

32 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

To repeat the proposition already submitted as
a possible solution to the problem of the enlist-
ment of a force sufficient for the world's speedy
evangehzation, let it be expressed thus : we have
organized in the colleges of Christian lands a
Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mis-
sions; let us organize in the colleges of non-
Christian lands a Student Volunteer Movement
for Home Missions. The former will raise up the
foreign, the latter the native contingent of the
missionary army.

It has been intimated that Christian societies of
students have already played so important a part
in church history in the far East as to encourage
the effort to associate them with the Church's en-
terprises in all non-Christian lands. The facts
supporting this statement call for careful exami-
nation. The following incidents were fully con-
firmed by the writer during an extended tour of
investigation in foreign mission lands.

The Sapporo Believers in Jesus. — About twenty

' years ago President Clark of the Massachusetts

Agricultural College went to Japan for the pur-

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IM THE FAR EAST 33

pose of founding a similar institution in the prov-
ince of Hokkaido, in the northern island of the
empire. In conference with officials of the edu-
cational department he was expressly forbidden
to teach the Bible to the students. He promptly
informed the officials that he would not undertake
the proposed enterprise if this requirement were to
be enforced. The officials were so impressed with
his manifest ability for the important undertaking
which had brought him to Japan that rather than
lose his services they withdrew their opposition
to his teaching the Scriptures. He accordingly
carried the enterprise to a successful issue, which
detained him in Japan for only a year. During
the year he conducted through an interpreter a
class for Bible study. The students were pro-
foundly moved by the sacred truth, and before
President Clark's departure he had the satisfac-
tion of seeing thirty-two of his students accept
the doctrines of Christianity and confess Christ
as their Saviour. They immediately formed a
society called " BeHevers in Jesus," which finally
developed into a church — one of the first organ-

34 ^ NE^ PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

ized in Japan. A building was erected, largely
at the expense of the members, and a charter
member of the society was the efficient pastor six
years ago. At that time one fourth of the stu-
dents in the college were professing Christians,
and the city of Sapporo was more fully per-
meated with Christianity than any other com-
munity visited in all Asia. A letter from the
society, soon after its organization, to the students
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, de-
scribing the purpose of the society and expressing
a desire for mutual sympathy and cooperation,
first suggested the idea of embracing the students
in foreign mission lands in the Christian move-
ment then recently organized in America.

T/ie Kiunamoto Band. — While the incident
above described was occurring on the northern
island a still more interesting chapter of modern
church history was being made in an institution
in the city of Kumamoto, in the southern island
of Japan. In 1871 an American teacher was
called to this institution. Whether or not the
school was founded for the express purpose of

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 35

raising up an intelligent opposition to Christian-
ity, it is very certain that that was the desire of
many of its leading patrons. In view of this fact
it is difficult to account for the failure of the di-
rectors to investigate the religious belief of the
teacher before employing him. This matter was,
however, entirely overlooked, and before many
weeks had passed the board was surprised and
chagrined to find itself bound by a five-years'
contract for a large salary to a man who was an
avowed behever in Christianity and had a forcible
way of defending his faith. They could not can-
cel the contract, however, without surrendering
the salary ; and inasmuch as the teacher mani-
fested no disposition to inaugurate aggressive
Christian work, they made no attempt to remove
him.

After some months had passed he invited the
students to visit his home once a week for Bible
study. This invitation was at once strongly op-
posed by the parents of the young men. In the
midst of the controversy, however, a Gamaliel
arose and suggested that in order to intelligently

36 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

oppose Christianity the students must be in-
structed in its principles. His counsel prevailed.
A Bible class was formed and maintained for
several years. To all human appearances, the
seed was sown on stony ground. For months
and even years the teacher instructed, argued,
and pleaded in vain. The seed, however, was
taking root. One young man became so deeply
impressed by the truth that he cautiously con-
fided his sentiments to another, and to his joy-
ful surprise met with a sympathetic response.
The two found upon inquiry that other men were
secretly cherishing the same convictions. In a
short time Christianity became the all-absorbing
theme of private conversation; and the number
of those who avowed themselves as satisfied with
its divine character increased to about forty.

Public confession was a serious matter. It
would be followed by disruption of the school,
separation from the man who had led them into
the Hght, and many other trials. It was a bitter
cup, a baptism of fire. They shrank not, how-
ever, from the trial. Having heard the voice of

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 37

Christ, they were willing to stand up, as did Paul
in Damascus, and confess Him at any cost. One
morning late in January, 1876, they went in com-
pany to the top of Flowery Hill, which overlooks
the city; and after a long season of prayer and
Bible study and conversation, in which they
nerved one another for the coming ordeal, they
entered into a solemn covenant to confess their
faith in Jesus Christ. '' Having taken the step,
we came down the hillside with great joy," said
one of their number in describing the meeting.
" As we started, one of our number, pointing to
the city and plains at our feet, exclaimed, ' Ye are
the light of the world. A city set on a hill can-
not be hid.' " Little did those students reaHze
at that time, however, what a light they were
kindling, what an important part they were des-
tined to have in building the City of God in their
country. They returned to the city and an-
nounced their decision, and the excitement which
followed was not one whit less intense than they
had expected. It is doubtful if Kumamoto has
been more greatly agitated since the Restoration

38 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

— even by Saigo's rebellion, which centered there
a few years later. That the men who had been
looked upon as the future deHverers of the prov-
ince from the hated religion of the hated foreign-
ers had embraced that religion was almost more
than the Japanese could endure. They argued,
entreated, threatened, commanded their sons to
abjure their newly declared faith ; they confined
them to their homes as prisoners, in order to
separate them from one another ; they made them
perform the most menial services; tears, prom-
ises, everything that could be conceived except
severe personal violence was done to dissuade
them from their course. Only a very few of the
youngest of the band, however, were terrified
into submission to the will of their parents.

The school being disbanded, the teacher wrote
to Joseph Neesima, who had recently established
the Doshisha College in Kyoto, asking whether
he would receive the students and complete their
education. President Neesima replied assuring
the young men of a warm welcome. About
thirty of them entered the college, and fifteen of

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 39

them completed the theological course. By their
splendid scholarship they anchored the institution
in the confidence not only of the Japanese church,
but of the government itself. They made it one
of the leading Christian colleges in all the East,
and it made them a band of the strongest and
most devoted Christian men in the Empire. Many
of them are to-day filling important positions of
leadership in the churches ; and without them it
would be hard to see how one of the leading
churches of the empire — the Congregational —
could have attained its present membership and
influence. When, centuries hence, Japan's Schaffs
and Niebuhrs shall write the history of early
Christianity in the Sunrise Kingdom, the names
of certain of that band will shine Hke stars of the
first magnitude in the galaxy of the illustrious
names of those who planted Christianity in their
nation.

A Revival in the Doshisha. — About twelve
years ago the students of the college became
somewhat skeptical in regard to the personality of
the Holy Spirit. They said in substance to their

40 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

teachers : " You have described to us the won-
derful workings among the peoples of the West
of One who is called the Holy Spirit. You tell
us how at times His influence is mightily felt in
great congregations; how He sweeps the hearts
of people with an invisible power; how great
numbers are overcome with the sense of sin, and
surrender their wills to God. We have never
seen anything like this in our country. We think
there must be some mistake. You must have
unintentionally misled us in regard to this matter.
Certainly if there be a Holy Spirit He can have
little personal interest in the Japanese." Along
with these doubts and questionings there sprang
up considerable skepticism in regard to the Word
of God ; and it is needless to say that this skep-
ticism was accompanied by an increasing indiffer-
ence to spiritual things, and an intense religious
coldness. The missionaries were deeply troubled.
One of their number, the Rev. Dr. J. D. Davis,
wrote a number of letters to colleges and theo-
logical seminaries in America, requesting special
prayer for the college on the Day of Prayer for

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 4 1

Colleges, in January. He said nothing whatever
to the Japanese about what he had done. No
special meetings were held, nor was anything
done in Kyoto which might account for the
remarkable scenes which followed.

One night, as the students were gathered in
one of the dormitories, they fell into conversation
about Christianity, as was their custom, and be-
gan to deplore the spiritual lifelessness which per-
vaded the institution and to recall with yearn-
ing the delightful spiritual experiences which they
had formerly enjoyed. A spirit of prayer took
possession of them. The influence extended
throughout the dormitory, in which there was
scarcely any sleep during the night. The un-
converted were impressed, and before morning a
deep work of grace had spread through the col-
lege. It continued for days and weeks, until
almost if not quite every student in the college
became a professing Christian. A deputation of
students was sent among the churches through-
out the region, and wherever they went they
kindled fires. Never since that memorable ex-

42 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

perience has there been any serious doubt in that
community concerning the personaHty and work
of the Holy Spirit. It is interesting to note that
the letters received by the colleges and semina-
ries in America awakened deep interest in behalf
of the students in the Doshisha, and that earnest
prayer was offered in many places for them.

A large volume of church history could be
composed of the acts of Christian students and
the influence of missionary colleges. Not a sin-
gle one of the more than fifty graduates of the
college in Tungchow, China, founded and con-
ducted for over a quarter of a century by the
eminent missionary Rev. Dr. Calvin W. Mateer,
has left the college unconverted. These men
are, with scarcely an exception, filling places of
wide usefulness, and are making their lives tell
upon the advancement of Christianity in China.
Some of the influential ministers in the churches
of India were converted in the institutions founded
by the pioneer in Christian education, Alexander
Duff". It is estimated that Pasumalai College, in
Madura, South India, has sent out over five hun-

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 43

dred Christian workers during the last half-cen-
tury. Such illustrations as the above leave little
doubt of the value of Christian colleges In the
work of evangelization, and the desirableness of
such an organized movement as will multiply and
fortify these strongholds of defensive and ag-
gressive Christian warfare.

IV

THE BEGINNING OF A CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT
IN THE COLLEGES OF MISSION LANDS

45

" We need in India the life, the fire, the methods to hi eh the
Young Men's Christian Associations are giving to the young men in
America. We need organized effort all alo7ig the line. In our great
cities there is abundance of material to work upon and to work
with. Our colleges, our universities, 07ir schools, all give you
abundant scope. Send us out one of your best trained general
secretaries; trained in the school of failure as well as in that of
success, ihat we may know that he will endicre. Let him be a
man of experience and spiritual power, of hopefulness and tact.
With him send us five other men to be general secretaries in the
five capitals of India — Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Allahabad,
Lahore. In those cities they will fitid universities, colleges, high
schools, in all of which there are young men who can be grouped
together in the Associations using the English language.

'* There is no need for organizing new societies to send these men
forth. Let it be the genuine outgrowth of the Young Men^s
Christian Associations. Let each large city Association support its
oivn representative in some foreign field.''''

Jacob Chamberlain.

46

IV

THE BEGINNING OF A CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT
IN THE COLLEGES OF MISSION LANDS

Less than four years after its organization it
was believed and asserted that the Christian
movement in the American colleges is too vast
in its possibilities for good to be Hmited to any
country or continent, and that the movement
which had spread from Princeton to the leading
colleges of North America would enter the old
universities of Europe and be planted in the new
missionary and government colleges of Asia and
the Dark Continent and all missionary lands. It
did not enter into the minds of the most sanguine
advocates of the enterprise, however, to conceive
of the rapidity which was destined to mark its
progress. While we in America were pondering
the steps best adapted to its introduction in the
47

48 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

East, the movement started almost spontaneously
in Ceylon, China, and Japan. The fact that the
movement in those countries began under the
direction of Messrs. Sanders, Beach, and other
missionary teachers was an earnest of the princi-
pal part which the missionary body was destined
to perform in extending it.

The encouraging reports from the newly or-
ganized Associations prepared the committee
intrusted with the supervision of the work in
America to entertain a call from the missionary
body in Madras, one of the leading educational
centers in India. The steps leading up to this
call so fully illustrate the need of special evange-
listic work among students, and the adaptation of
the Association to the foreign field, that some
special account of the matter is important.

For several years the missionaries of Madras
had been considering the expediency of securing
a missionary to the students of the city. While
there was general agreement that an important
field was thus presented, and one in great need
of cultivation, it was difficult to determine the

BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 49

auspices under which the new missionary should
work. If he should come as the representative
of any single missionary society he might not be
equally acceptable to all of the denominational
colleges. His supposed sympathies and affilia-
tions with the college connected with the denom-
ination whose board he represented might act as
a limitation upon his broadest usefulness. While
this question was pending, one of the most promi-
nent members of the missionary body in southern
India, Rev. Dr. Jacob Chamberlain, visited Amer-
ica, and by Mr. Moody's invitation attended the
Students' Summer School at Northfield, the most
representative assembly of the American student
movement. Dr. Chamberlain was impressed with
the idea that the International Committee of
Young Men's Christian Associations, under whose
leadership the American movement had devel-
oped, was the agency of supervision best suited
to the promotion of a similar movement among
the students of Madras and other educational
centers in India. He accordingly presented the
subject to the assembly at Northfield, and later

50 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

to the Committee in New York. Upon his return
to India the matter was fully discussed by the
missionary conference in Madras, and an appeal
was made to the American Committee to send
a man to India to inaugurate and permanently
direct the work. The Committee took counsel
with secretaries of the leading missionary boards
and prominent missionaries in this country, all of
whom strongly approved the enterprise. Intima-
tions were also received that other student centers
in Asia would call for similar work.

The spontaneity which distinguished the be-
ginning of the movement in the East, the calls of
missionaries, and the indorsement of the secre-
taries of church boards were recognized as very
strong guarantees of the feasibility of the move-
ment. It was felt, however, that nothing short
of a thorough tour of investigation could furnish
sufficient information to impart confidence in the
enterprise to those who should be asked to go to
the front and those who should be looked to for
the financial support of the work. The writer
was accordingly appointed to make a tour of

BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 51

investigation. The tour consumed nearly four
years, and embraced Japan, China, Malaysia,
Siam, Burmah, Ceylon, India, Arabia, Syria, the
Caucasus, Persia, Kurdistan, Asia Minor, Cyprus,
Egypt, and the mission fields in eastern Europe.
Two hundred and sixteen mission stations in
twenty mission lands were visited. The tour
embraced not only points adjacent to the coast,
but was extended to the interior, the latter in-
volving overland travel in the saddle and oriental
conveyances as far as from Boston to San Fran-
cisco. One such journey of over a thousand
miles was made, the route being from the south-
ern boundary of Russia across northwestern Per-
sia, Kurdistan, and Asia Minor to the Mediter-
ranean. Over a thousand missionaries were met
personally, besides several hundred who were
publicly addressed. Thousands of students were
addressed publicly and hundreds conversed with
at the leading educational centers in the East.
Interviews were held with oriental business men,
government officials, pastors, and church mem-
bers. No pains were spared to get at the exact

52 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

facts concerning the condition of the new church
in Asia and the ripeness of the time for the or-
ganization of this new form of Christian enter-
prise.

The difficulties involved in such an enterprise
are stupendous — such as can be overcome only
through an omnipotent, omnipresent Leader. The
first stage in the enterprise consists in evangeliz-
ing many of the higher educational institutions
in foreign mission lands. These contain not far
from a half-million students, less than ten thou-
sand of whom, probably, are professing Chris-
tians. The following are among the difficulties
which are a hindrance to the conversion of the
students. While modern culture has largely dis-
possessed them of their old faiths, they are so
chagrined to find that their fathers have for gen-
erations been deluded by false religions that they
are exceedingly distrustful of all supernatural-
ism ; they are so absorbed in the acquisition of
an education — which in many cases is a passport
to remunerative employment — that they in many
instances frankly declare that they have no time

BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 53

to investigate Christianity; their tendency to
skepticism is strengthened by the materialism
which is setting in upon them Hke a flood from
the West. They will not wait upon the slow
pace with which we are now approaching them
with the gospel. They will make an irrevocable
decision soon. It is now or never for this gener-
ation of the educated young men in the far East.
There are special hindrances in the way of the
acceptance of the gospel by the young men of
India, among which are caste, the breaking of
which involves a degree of social ostracism of
which an Occidental can form no conception ; the
cares of this world — very many students have
wives and children, whose support devolves upon
them, and they are pushing their way through
college as rapidly as possible in order that they
may secure remunerative employment; a degree
of intellectual conceit which is the invariable
accompaniment of a little knowledge; natural
antagonism to the religion of a people whose an-
cestors were savages centuries after theirs were
enjoying a considerable degree of civilization;

54 ^ ^ElV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

an especial aversion to the religion of their con-
querors, who they are unable to see are their best
friends ; the demoralizing influence of dissipated
foreign residents, whom they are too willing to
regard as types of western Christianity; the
narrowing effects of the inheritance of centuries
of superstition and oppression of the Brahman
priesthood, compared with which that of Rome
is insignificant.

There are, however, certain conditions favora-
ble to the reception of Christianity by the students
of Asia, if propagated by students from the West.
It is something to have had the stone of supersti-
tion rolled away by the hand of higher culture.
They are becoming deeply interested in the prob-
lems of self-government, especially in India and
Japan, and are impressed by the fact that Chris-
tianity alone is the religion of self-governing peo-
ples. They are kindly disposed toward western
students. The latter have given them their highly
valued educational systems and many eminent
educators, and they are not unwilling to hear
what we have to say in defense of a religion

BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 55

whose strongholds are our universities. The ho-
mogeneity of the student world is a fact of deep
significance. Oriental and occidental students
are more alike than unlike. This is largely at-
tributable to the fact that the new educational
systems of the Orient were established, and are
still in many cases directed, by western educa-
tors. Social and reHgious movements may there-
fore be expected to spread from students of the
West to those of the East more readily than from
any other class in the West to the correspond-
ing class in the East. When Christianity is once
firmly intrenched in the student life of Asia, the
spirit of conservatism which so strongly marks
oriental character will help to hold it there.

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT

S7

** There is still another contingent appearing in view -which bids
fair to double our working force. When the late Earl of Beacons-
field was in power, and the nations of Europe were in a state of
feverish excitetnent over the Eastern Question and the probability
of a general war, a startling sensation was produced by the sudden
appearance of a body of Indian sepoys on the island of Cyprus. They
were few in number, atid the exact military duty -which they were
to perform was not at all apparent, but their somewhat dramatic
appearance upon the great European war-stage was qtiickly inter-
preted. It was Lord Beaconsfield 'j method of reminding Europe
that England had an immense military resej-ve force in the per-
sons of her Indian army of several hundred thoicsand men. Europe
had known of this force before, but had never realized what it meant
till those sepoys cajne through the Suez Canal and landed in Cyprus.
In like manner, as tue sit down to nuniber our forces at the begin-
ning of this new missionary era it is but fitting that we include
the workers raised tipfvm the converts in our mission fields. How
many are there? Over fifty thousand ! Five times as many
as all the missionaries sent out from Christian lands combined!
And this proportion is destined to increase steadily. The fifty thoii-
sand will be one hundred thousand long before the close of the first
half of the coming century. Compare this with one hundred years
ago, and the difference is simply amazing. William Carey had to
wait years before he had ONE convert ; his successors to-day find
themselves surrottnded and supported by hundreds and thousands
of Christian brethren, ready to assist thetn in their work, or to even
go before them and pioneer their difficult way.'*''

Bishop J. M. Thoburn.

58

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT

The following are but a few of many facts,
either heard or witnessed during the tour of in-
vestigation, which support the belief of the mis-
sionaries that now is the accepted time for a
united, wide-spread, and aggressive Christian
movement among the students in foreign mission
lands.

In the first place, Christianity is firmly in-
trenched in nearly all of the Christian colleges of
Japan, China, Burmah, Ceylon, Persia, Turkey,
Egypt, and in some of those in India. As a
rule, the majority of the students in the Christian
colleges in all of these countries except India are
Christian communicants. It may be said that
this is to be expected. Very true ; but this is a
fact which cannot be affirmed of the Christian
59

6o A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

colleges in America at the beginning of the pres-
ent century.

Again, Christianity has made some progress in
the government colleges. The number of Chris-
tians in at least seven of the government schools
in Japan was found to be greater than the num-
ber in our leading Christian colleges in America
a century ago. Careful inquiry in 1889 revealed
the fact that one fourteenth of the three thousand
students in the seven most prominent government
colleges in Japan were Christian men.

There was a surprising readiness on the part
of students to investigate the evidences for the
deity of Jesus. Notwithstanding the skepticism
or indifference with which many regard the Bible
as only one of the many sacred books of the
East, notwithstanding the disposition to rule out
its miracles as little if any better than the su-
pernatural events reported in their own religious
writings, they cannot rule out of history its one
great outstanding personality, Jesus Christ. Even
in the conception of many who distrust the Bible,
He towers as high above all other Orientals as

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 6 1

the snows on Mount Everest tower above the
plains of Bengal. Especially is this true of Japan-
ese students. A book entitled ** The Christ of
History," by John Young, of Edinburgh, con-
taining an inimitable inductive argument for the
deity of Jesus, was translated into Japanese and
published in 1889. It was eagerly read by a large
number of educated young men. The addresses
delivered by Professor Ladd in Japan, and by
Joseph Cook, President Seelye, and Rev. Dr.
George F. Pentecost in India, were attended by
great crowds of the highly educated classes.
The time is ripe for the frequent repetition of
such courses of lectures.

There was a marked readiness on the part of
students — especially in Japan — which has been
rarely equaled in America, to respond to the ap-
peal to accept Christ as Lord and Saviour. The
following instances of evangelistic meetings in
colleges leave no doubt that the Holy Spirit is
ready to do His mighty office-work among the
highly educated young men of the far East.
There is reason to believe that the evangelistic

62 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

work demanded in many universities preliminary
to the organization of aggressive Christian work
by the students will accomplish definite and
marked results.

Immediately upon arriving in Japan several
weeks were spent in the Doshisha in Kyoto, con-
ducting a series of meetings in company with
Mr. J. T. Swift, of Yale, who had gone to Japan
to engage in Christian work among students and
other young men. The general method employed
was quite similar to that followed in an Ameri-
can college. The most influential students were
met, and made acquainted with the fundamen-
tal methods pursued by students in the West in
promoting a series of evangelistic meetings in
college. The importance of much prayer and
thoroughly systematized personal work was
urged. The Doshisha students heartily adopted
the suggestions, and it is doubtful whether more
persistent or effective personal work was ever
done in an American college than in Kyoto dur-
ing those days. Public meetings were held every
day to present such fundamental subjects as are

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 63

usually discussed in evangelistic services. Infor-
mal meetings for conversation were held daily,
attended by large numbers of non-Christian stu-
dents. While the public addresses and conver-
sations partook more of an apologetic nature than
would be called for in dealing with those who
have been reared in Christian homes, the subjects
chiefly discussed were those bearing directly upon
the programme of redemption.

At the close of the series of meetings, after
careful examination, a hundred and three students
were received into the college church by baptism.
Forty more came in at the succeeding com-
munion.

After a similar series of meetings in Union
College, Tokyo, thirty students confessed Christ.
Twenty-five students of the school in Kumamoto
did the same. There were also conversions in
Osaka, Kobe, Sendai, and other educational
centers. After a week's meetings in the Metho-
dist College in Foochow, China, seven students
were received into the Church. There were also
conversions in colleges visited in India, Ceylon,

64 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

and Asia Minor. In a word, the mere evan-
gelistic results following a single tour among the
higher educational institutions of Asia were suffi-
cient to justify the belief that a wide-spread,
well-organized movement under the auspices of
the Association, conducted by the students them-
selves, will yield abundant results.

The students in foreign mission lands have the
capacity for organizing and conducting aggressive
Christian work in college and also among their
people outside of college life. They have a
genius for organization. They have displayed
this by the thoroughness with which they have
permanently maintained their work. At least
forty-five colleges in Asia and on the mission
fields of Europe, Africa, and South America have
Young Men's Christian Associations. Japan alone
has fifteen, eleven of which are in government
colleges, among whose students the Association
was the first Christian agency to find an entrance.

The most thoroughly organized association
visited is located in the college in Tungchou, near
Peking. The following departments of work were

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 65

apparently as well conducted as one ordinarily
finds them in an American college. A Bible class
was faithfully maintained. Very special attention
was given to personal work, a committee being
intrusted with the responsibility of seeing that
every incoming student was surrounded with
Christian companionship and was fully instructed
in the truths of Christianity. The association
also carefully provided that gentlemen visiting
the college should be made acquainted with the
salient facts of the gospel. Meetings for the
men of the city were conducted by the students
in street chapels. Finding it difficult to attract
to these meetings many of the better classes, the
students established a series of stereopticon en-
tertainments of a somewhat secular but chiefly
religious character, which drew such large audi-
ences that tickets had to be distributed to avoid
overcrowding the college chapel. In this way
some of the most respectable gentlemen of the
city were instructed in the facts and principles of
Christianity. The students are now using the
stereopticon in evangelistic work in the neighbor-

66 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

ing villages. The most impressive feature of
their work, however, was the foreign missionary
department. It would seem that, with only forty
thousand Protestant Christians and a population
approaching four hundred millions, the Christian
students of China have a home missionary prob-
lem quite sufficient to fully tax all their resources.
The new hearts which the students in Tungchou
have received, however, are too large to be filled
even with the four hundred millions of China. In
their new birth they seem to have inherited the
nature of Him who " so loved the ivorld, that He
gave His only begotten Son, that zvJiosoever be-
lieveth on Him should not perish, but have ever-
lasting life." Their sympathies reach out to the
people of other lands, and every month they
meet not only to pray, '* Thy kingdom come,"
but to learn of the progress of His kingdom
throughout the world. In other words, they
maintain a regular foreign missionary meeting.
Their missionary studies have deeply interested
them in Africa, especially in the Zulus, who, they
think, are in an even more degraded condition than

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 67

their own countrymen. They have for a number
of years been supporting a Zulu student in a
school in Natal, preparing him for a life of Chris-
tian service among his people. So they have
added to their prayers an intelligent study of the
fields, and to their study a generous support of
the work ; and their generosity has cost them far
greater self-sacrifice than that of any college com-
munity in America or that of any church of which
we have knowledge. If the American and Euro-
pean students would give out of their abundance
upon the scale of liberality adopted by those
Chinese students out of their bitter poverty, all
of the money needed for the extension of this
student movement throughout the world would
be speedily forthcoming. One seldom hears of
students in Christian lands reducing the scale of
their living-expenses in order that they may give
to the support of the gospel even in the home
land ; but here is an instance of Chinese students
actually limiting their already meager supply of
food in order that they may give the bread of life
to foreigners whom they have never seen. Here

68 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

is afforded one offsetting influence which is big
with promise for the future of the foreign-hating
Chinese. Is not this incident prophetic of the in-
fluence of that remarkable people? Will not the
Church of the Chinese, the colonizing people of
Asia, be a missionary Church? Napoleon said,
** Whoever moves China will move the world."
Christ is moving China, and already a little sec-
tion of China is beginning to move a section of
the Dark Continent. Do we transcend the limits
of our theme? The object of this monograph is
to interest the Church in a Student Volunteer
Movement for Home Missions in foreign mission
lands. The simple narrative of the facts, how-
ever, has broadened into foreign mission channels.
We do not fear, however, that the foreign mission
zeal already kindled in China or in Japan — whose
people are now planning to send missionaries to
Korea — will in any wise diminish the work at
home. " The light that shines the farthest shines
the brightest near at hand."

Another incident also fully illustrates the or-
ganizing capacity of Asiatic students and the

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 69

home missionary significance of this movement.
The first College Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation in Asia was organized in 1884, in Jaffna
College, Ceylon. Since the beginning the stu-
dents have done a faithful and effective work. In
addition to the several departments of work
usually pertaining to the organization, they have
undertaken the evangelization of a neighboring
island, where there was not a single Christian
when they commenced operations. One of their
number was appointed missionary, a school was
established, and public Christian services were
opened. Once a year the students visit the isl-
and and converse personally with every one of
the few hundred inhabitants in regard to Chris-
tianity. The work is supported largely by the
students, who contribute not only money, but
reserve one tenth of their supply of rice, which
they sell, and apply the proceeds to the mission
work. This not proving sufficient, they have
engaged in the cultivation of a banana-garden.
A committee of twelve students is appointed to
work in the garden an hour a day for three

70 A hIEJV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

months. It was a deeply interesting experience
to walk through the beautiful grove, the fruit of
whose trees is for the healing of their people, and
watch those earnest students at work drawing
water from the wells and filling the trenches.
The whole year's work only yielded twenty
dollars; but for the sake of that amount those
men gave up their recreation and worked steadily
for three months, in order that their people might
hear the gospel. Are not such men deserving of
our sympathy and our help ? If the students of
one of our leading colleges would practise the
self-denial of those Ceylonese students they could
support the man for whom those students are so
eagerly waiting to help them in the development
of this movement throughout their island.

The vanguard of this movement is now en-
camping before the Jericho of modern missions,
the universities of India. We do not say the
Gibraltar of missions, for that term implies im-
pregnability, which we are not prepared to con-
cede. We say the Jericho of missions, first,
because the Church has been marching around

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT yi

the fortress for six decades of years; second,
because the same doom awaits the walls of high
caste encompassing the educated classes of India
which befell the old city by the Jordan. India's
Jericho will fall. It will fall if we have to march
around it six more decades of years.

The number of educated young men of India
is estimated by millions. The subversion of their
belief in the so-called scientific teachings of their
old sacred books has been speedily followed by
a distrust of the religious teachings of those
books. The success which has marked the intro-
duction of this movement in other eastern na-
tions is alone sufficient to justify the attempt to
introduce it in India. The great need for such a
movement is also an argument for it sufficient
in itself. The reception given to the messengers
of the movement, Messrs. McConaughy, White,
Davis, and Stockwell, is a further indication of
the ripeness of the time for the introduction of
the enterprise. Equally warm was the reception
given to Messrs. Swift and Miller in Japan, and
to Mr. Clark in Brazil.

72 A MEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

It was the writer's privilege to cooperate with
Mr. McConaughy in introducing this work to the
students of India. The first work consisted in a
series of meetings in the various colleges of
Madras, which were addressed as follows :

"Fellow-students: Thirty centuries ago
our Aryan fathers dwelt together as brothers in the
same tents upon the table-lands of central Asia.
After many centuries of fellowship they separated.
Our fathers journeyed westward and overspread
Europe, and finally reached the then undiscov-
ered country, America. Your fathers journeyed
down the slopes of the Himalayas and peopled
Hindustan. We have come to know in recent
years that we are brothers — that the same racial
blood unites us ; and we have had a great long-
ing to see you and renew the old associations
which our fathers had in their tent life a hundred
generations ago. We wish to share with you all
that we have learned during the long separation
of our people. The best thing which we can
bring back to you is a share in the priceless gift
which Asia's young men sent to our fathers many

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 73

centuries ago. Some of you have already had
your lives enriched by this rare treasure. We
long to see all of our kindred in possession of it.
We come especially to tell you how the life of
that peerless Man who lived and died and rose
again on the western coast of your continent is
the inspiration of the college life of the West;
how a great passion has taken hold upon students
in America and Europe to extend the influence
of that life unto the uttermost parts of the
earth. Will you not join us in this purpose and
endeavor? "

Never were messengers more warmly received.
A large meeting of the students was held in one
of the largest halls in the city. The meeting was
opened with singing *' All hail the power of Jesus*
name ! " As the Indian students sang it that night
to the grand old English tune, and the words of
the magnificent climax rang out :

" Crown Him! crown Him! crown Him!
Crown Him Lord of all! "

it was a shout of triumph. It recalled the scene
of Cromwell's soldiers singing as they went into

74 A ^^^ PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

battle ; and one felt that if India's leading young
men would enter the great spiritual conflict before
them with the faith and courage of the old Iron-
sides the battle would be short and the victory sure.
The time would fail to fully tell of the begin-
ning of this movement in other mission lands. It
has reached the Christian college in Rangoon,
Burmah, and in Oroomiah, Persia. Students in
Bitlis — a remote mountain town in Kurdistan —
have answered the call of their fellow-students in
the West. An association has been organized
near the ancient Euphrates in Harpoot; others
near the mountain wall of northern Syria in Ma-
rash and Aintab ; another in Tarsus, where Gama-
liel's famous student was born and began his
scholarly career; another in Robert College on
the Bosporus; another in Beirut under the
shadow of snowy Lebanon ; another on the walls
of Jerusalem in the school named after Bishop
Gobat; and others in far-off" southern Africa,
Bulgaria, and Chili. The recital of the achieve-
ments of these groups of consecrated college men
would in the main be but a repetition of what

PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 75

has been already related. The aim of all is one,
the methods are uniform, and the results have
far exceeded the anticipations of the warmest
advocates of the enterprise.

The readiness of the students in mission lands
for national organization in order to realize the
advantages of intercollegiate cooperation is one
of the most encouraging evidences of their capa-
city for the conduct of independent, self-support-
ing enterprises. The first national conference of
students in Asia was attended by the writer in
Kyoto, Japan, in the summer of 1889. Five
hundred men were present, representing ten gov-
ernment and twelve Christian colleges. An an-
nual conference has been held in Japan ever since,
and there are now two conferences, the second
one on the southern island. The gathering of
1893 'w^-s attended by six hundred persons — a
larger number than has ever been present at any
student convention in the West excepting the con-
ventions of the Student Missionary Volunteers in
America. Steps are now being taken in Japan
toward permanent national organization, which

76 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

it is intended shall unite both the student and
city Young Men's Christian Associations. India
has had a national union, with annual conven-
tions and an executive committee, since 1891.
Ceylon has a provincial union. Conferences have
been held in Persia and Asia Minor. During the
past six years there have been eighteen confer-
ences in Asia, attended by at least three thousand
educated young men representing more than fifty
colleges. The influences proceeding from such
gatherings along the lives of such men are simply
incalculable.

The results of the movement have been pretty
fully indicated already. If a summary is called
for, it may be stated on the most reliable author-
ity that since 1889 over three hundred students
have professed conversion, including Japanese,
Chinese, Ceylonese, Indians, and Armenians ; a
number of students have already been influenced
to enter the ministry, and many more have ex-
pressed and also indicated a determination to
make the Christianization of their people the
chief aim of their lives.

VI

ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE IN THE
MOVEMENT

77

*' One of the most important things to secure harmony in the
mission field is that the various missionary societies^ when they are
acting in the sa?ne place, should have some common work. Those
who are engaged in the same place and are interested in the same
object are drawn together powerfully, so that there is very much
less danger of their clashing or of any disharmony arising between
them. Those who have some one thing, however simple it is, in
which they all have a common interest, are most likely to feel that
they are servants of a common Lord, and to harmonize in all that
they do.''

Principal Miller, Madras Christian College.

i^

VI

ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE IN THE MOVE-
MENT

Will this movement last? Will it endure
long enough to exert the vast influence and effect
the results which it now promises to yield ? An
affirmative answer to the question is grounded,
first, upon certain well-ascertained characteristics
of the better classes of the eastern people, from
which the students chiefly come. These charac-
teristics, which have their roots in the very nature
of the people, will be vastly developed by Chris-
tianity.

One of the native characteristics referred to is
aggressiveness. This is especially exemplified by
the Japanese. Where is the nation in all history
which has more fully illustrated this trait ? The
national upheaval which restored the government
79

8o A MEH^ PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

of the empire to the Mikado is called in Japan
** a school-boys' revolution." The Chinese have
also displayed this characteristic in marked de-
gree by their emigrating habits. The Tamils of
southern India and Ceylon are called " the Scotch
of the Orient," because of this spirit displayed in
their business enterprises. The Armenians could
not keep the Eastern question so prominently be-
fore the attention of Europe but for this quality.

Persistence has certainly been exhibited by the
Japanese in all their political, commercial, and re-
ligious movements. It is this trait in the Chinese
which drives to the wall so many who compete
with them in commerce. It is commonly said of
a Tamil that if he asks you to do him a favor you
may as well yield at once, for he will never let
you off. The Armenians could never have sur-
vived the oppression of the most abominable
government of modern times but for a deathless
tenacity to their faith akin to that which car-
ried Israel through and out of bondage to the
Pharaohs.

Intensity of conviction must be a ruling charac-

ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 8l

teristic of a people whose Christian faith endures
the ordeal of persecution by imprisonment, by
bodily torture, by ostracism in business, by disin-
heritance, by many other kinds of living martyr-
dom, and even by the martyr's death. " Will
these men stand the fire of persecution with
which the infant Church will be baptized ? " asked
the writer as he met for the last time with a little
company of Chinese students with whom for sev-
eral days he had enjoyed a closeness of compan-
ionship which made his visit to their college
like "days of heaven on earth." **Yes," was
the reply, " they will stand. That young man,"
pointing to the leader, " first heard the gospel
when he was twelve or thirteen years old. He
was so charmed with the story that he went again
and again to hear the preaching. His elder
brother, the head of the family, forbade his go-
ing, and on his return from the meetings had him
tied up and beaten unmercifully. Punishment,
however, could not deter him, so his brother
finally disinherited him and drove him from
home. He made his way to our school, and has

82 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

been the very hope and pride of the institution.
He has been the leader in all aggressive Christian
work among the students. Yes, these men will
stand." Such cases could be indefinitely multi-
plied.

One very noticeable evidence that the Holy
Spirit abounds in the lives of oriental Christians is
their prayerfulness. This was especially marked
in Japan. One morning during a series of meet-
ings in Kumamoto the principal said, *' There is
a deep spiritual movement among the students.
They have been praying all night." To one who
had never known of a well-authenticated all-night
prayer-meeting in an American college the re-
port was almost incredible; but it was fully con-
firmed. The reason may possibly be explained as
follows: Their old faiths have given the people
of Asia little or no conception of the immanence
of God. They have thought of Him as asleep or
on a journey so remote as to have little know-
ledge of or interest in men. The new faith, with
its assurance of the presence of a Heavenly Father
and an earthly Brother who is also a heavenly,

ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 83

charms and fills them with a joy which sometimes
becomes a rapture. The promise that where two
or three are gathered together in His name, there
He will be in the midst of them, is literally be-
Ueved ; and sometimes their fellowship with the
Father and with His Son Jesus Christ is so pre-
cious that they would fain prolong the interview
until the day breaks. This new-found faith fills
them with some such joy as a company of Chris-
tians in the West would have if the Son of God
'should enter their meeting in visible presence,
lift His hands in blessing, and speak such gracious
words as thrilled the people in Galilee's syna-
gogues. Who would not linger in His presence
until the hours lengthen into morning ? People
who have such joy in prayer will have power
with God and men. One thing which we western
Christians may learn from some of our oriental
brethren is how to pray.

Another lesson which they will teach us will be
how to give for the support of the gospel. Their
self-sacrifice and generosity have already been
illustrated. A well-known writer says of Mr.

84 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

Moody that he has not only taught men how to
give who had given in a niggardly fashion, but
that he has taught men who were thought to be
liberal givers to give on a vastly increased scale
of HberaUty. This lesson which is being taught
the world by its greatest living evangelist will
also be taught the western churches by the pre-
cept and example of some of the least of these
our brethren in Asia and other mission lands.

Another class of guarantees of the permanence
and power of this movement consists in certain
principles which distinguish its method of organi-
zation. In the first place, it is an integral part of
the Church which stands upon the one foundation
against which not even the gates of Hades shall
prevail. Instead, therefore, of being a mere step-
ping-stone or vestibule to the Church — in which
its members might linger so long as to become a
new organization which might take the place of
the Church — it is an agency of the Church, ap-
pointed, organized, and utilized by the Church
to perform for the Church a service which can be

ELEMENTS OF PERMANEf^CE 85

better performed by a combined effort of the
different divisions of the Church than by each
of the several divisions or denominations working
separately. It is the forward movement of the
one united Christian army for the evangelization
of the world. As the eminent teacher of church
history, the late Roswell D. Hitchcock, said, in
commenting upon the College Young Men's
Christian Association in the early stages of its his-
tory, " It is a mitigation of the deplorable effects
of our too disintegrated Protestantism." We
would not be misunderstood at this point. This
movement stands for the one supreme idea which
has been repeatedly illustrated, namely, the en-
listment of an army for the consummation of the
evangelistic enterprise. This one thing it does,
leaving all questions of church union and feder-
ation to be faced and settled by the appropriate
authorities. We desire to make plain the fact
that the results of its work will be conserved by
the existing mission churches, under whose over-
sight and control it will be conducted. It will

86 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

Strengthen the things that remain, and not add
to the already sufficiently numerous ecclesiastical
organizations.

Again, it stands for the evangelization and en-
listment of all young men, without regard to race,
class, caste, rank, or employment. If it begins
with the educated class it does not end there. It
does lay special emphasis upon students, because
such little success has thus far attended the efforts
to Christianize them. Moreover, they have been
shamefully imposed upon by misrepresentations
made by their irreligious teachers from the West,
who have assured them that Christianity is losing
its hold upon the educated and influential classes
in Europe and America. Such statements are
actually made, notwithstanding Mr. Gladstone's
reported declaration that of the sixty- five most
eminent men of Europe with whom he had asso-
ciated he knew only five who were not Christian
believers ; notwithstanding the extraordinary tes-
timony to Christianity afforded by the prepon-
derance of Christian believers in one of the most
eminent gatherings of scholars ever assembled in

ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 87

Europe, the guests of the University of Edin-
burgh at its recent tricentenary celebration ; not-
withstanding the well-ascertained fact that more
than one half of the student body in the Amer-
ican colleges are members of Christian churches,
and the greatest student organization in the world
is the Intercollegiate Young Men's Christian As-
sociation. It is time that the educated young
men of Asia were furnished with the facts con-
cerning the position of Christianity in the uni-
versities of the West. Another reason why this
movement should be firmly anchored among the
student class at the beginning is that it will be
very difficult to enlist the students in the wake
of the uneducated. They will not be likely to
follow the latter in the East, where the spirit of
caste, if not its visible system, widely prevails
even outside of India; whereas the latter will
esteem it a privilege to follow their educated
men.

While the movement is being thoroughly or-
ganized among students, it is not, even thus early
in its history, confined to them. Organizations

88 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

of students and also of young business men are
meeting together in national conventions. Meet-
ing thus side by side under one standard has many
decided advantages, which the prime movers in
the enterprise in Asia were as quick to anticipate
as were the leaders of the American movement.
One of the chief advantages of union is that close
contact of the student body with business men
saves the former from the disastrous effects of nar-
rowness and exclusiveness, too often manifested in
an impractical, visionary theory of life. The era of
the cloister has, it is hoped, forever passed away.
It has certainly made a terrible record in the old
oriental churches. After eighteen years' experi-
ence in America, the chief promoters of the
movement are agreed that one of the greatest
services which business men have ever rendered
our colleges consists in the introduction to col-
lege life of the practical, aggressive methods of
Christian work which characterize the Sunday-
school, the Young Men's Christian Association,
and other Christian enterprises directed by busi-
ness men. Another reason of supreme impor-

ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 89

tance why students and business men should be
closely united in this enterprise finds forcible
illustration in the American movement. The
seven hundred students who have during the
past eight years gone to foreign mission fields
could not have gone but for the support of busi-
ness men. The thirty thousand missionaries
needed at the front calls for a force of more than
thirty million laymen at the base of supplies. The
half-million young men in foreign mission lands
needed for the preaching of the gospel as evan-
gelists and pastors calls for a vast army of lay
allies to furnish the sinews of war. This reason
for unity and cooperation between the two classes
is sufficient, without further defense of the basis
of union upon which the movement has stood
from the beginning.

VII
A THREEFOLD APPEAL

91

" We need a new spirit of prayer among us. John Foster said,
' IVAen I shall see Christians all over the world resolved to
prove what shall be the efficacy of prayer for the conversion of
the world, I shall begin to think that the millennium is at the
door.'* Oh for this spirit of prayer ! And if yotc want to know
what to pray for, let me ask yotc to pray especially and peculiarly
for the Holy Spirit. When the tide rises it lifts up eve/ything
that floats upon its bosofu, and when the Spirit comes into the
Church He will lift up everything that is in the Church.^''

William M. Taylor.

"// is something to be a missionary. The morning stars sang
together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy, when theyfrst
saw the f eld which the first missionary ivas to fill. The great and
terrible God, before whojn aitgels veil their faces, had an only Son,
and He was sent to the earth as a missionary Physician. It is
something to be a follower, however feeble, in the wake of the Great
Teacher and only Model Missionary that ever appeared a?nong
men ; and now that He is Head over all things. King of kings
and Lord of lords, what comjftission is equal to that which the
missionary holds from Him ? May we venture to invite young
vien of education, when laying down the plan of their lives^ to
take a glance at that of missionary ? "

David Livingstone.

" The money p07uer, which is one of the most operative and grand-
est of all, is only beginning to be Christianized. What 7ve are
waiting for, is the consecration of the vast money power of the
world to the work and cause and kingdom of Jesus Christ ; for
that day, when it comes, will be the morning, so to speak, of the
new creation. That tide-wave in the money pozuer can as little be
resisted, when God brings it, as the tides of the sea ; and like these,
also, it\ivillfiow across the world in a day J'''

Horace Bushnell.

92

VII

A THREEFOLD APPEAL

The attempt has been made to record a new
chapter of church history until now unwritten.
In behalf of those who have gone to the distant
outposts of the Church to pioneer the enterprise,
and of the young men in foreign lands who have
consecrated their lives to this subhme endeavor,
and. of the hundreds of millions of this generation
whose salvation depends upon the work of the
next thirty-three years, and, above all, in behalf
of Him who more than any other man served His
own generation, may we close this record with a
threefold appeal?

First : " Pray ye therefore the Lord of the
harvest, that He send forth laborers into His
harvest." So preeminent is the relation which
prayer sustains to the missionary movement that
this request must take precedence of every other.
93

94 ^ ^E^ PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

The Student Volunteers have made this their text
for the year. The method which this enterprise
offers as a solution to the problem of furnishing a
sufficient force for the world's evangelization will
come to naught unless sanctified by prayer. The
movement was begotten on the Day of Prayer
for Colleges, and is therefore in a peculiar sense
the child of prayer. Only in an atmosphere of
prayer may it be expected to attain its fullest
development.

Second : '' Go ye therefore, and make disciples
of all the nations." That gracious command was
first heard by young men of Asia. Had they
been as disobedient to it as their spiritual pos-
terity has been, the effects of the incarnation of
the Son of God might have been lost thus far
to the West. The effect upon Europe of their
fulfilment of that great command constitutes, in
the language of Ernest Renan, " the capital event
of history." The same "capital event" is the
supreme need of Asia, Africa, and idolatrous
South America. Men whose hearts God has
touched are needed to awaken the young men

A THREEFOLD APPEAL 95

of those countries and rally them to a work for
which their people may wait in vain several cen-
turies longer if they are shut up to a dependence
upon the Christians of Europe and America.
Seven men have already gone forth to Japan,
India, and Brazil upon this exalted mission. Two
more are under appointment — one to Ceylon, the
other to China. These are but the advance-guard
of a band of about twenty-five who are and soon
will be called to occupy the strategic educational
centers in Asia, Africa, and South America. With
openings for twenty- five men in sight, we must
be prepared to respond to the calls for several
times that number, should the increasing needs of
the work demand them. Only men whom God
has clearly called and qualified can be sent upon
this difficult and preeminent service. They must
be men of high intellectual endowment and rare
administrative capacity, for they go to lead lead-
ers. Above all they must be men of undaunted
purpose and unfailing faith. They must not share
with Henry Martyn '' as great surprise to see a
Hindu regenerated as to see a dead body resur-

96 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS

rected." They must, on the contrary, believe
that *^ the hour cometh, and now is, when the
dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God ; and
they that hear shall live." They must expect
to see "greater things" done by the disciples of
Christ on the southern and eastern shores of Asia
than even He did on its western coast.

Third : '' Bring ye the whole tithe into the
storehouse." " How shall they preach, except
they be sent?" Men are needed who are quick
to discern the strategic significance of this oppor-
tunity, and will count it a privilege to furnish the
money to develop this rich lead in the missionary
mine. There are Christians who are honored by
having their representatives in foreign mission
fields. Here is an opportunity to support a
man who touches the student life of a great
nation and thus promotes the work of many
mission boards for all time to come. There are
men at home who have immortalized their names
by erecting college buildings, endowing pro-
fessorships, building churches and hospitals in
foreign mission lands. Here is an opportunity

A THREEFOLD APPEAL 97

to make an investment which will determine the
religious character of many colleges, which will
decide whether those colleges shall be centers of
Christian life or of infidelity. Here is a call for
the support of men whose life-work will dot the
towns and cities of mission lands with Hving tem-
ples such as were asked for by a Japanese who
said to a missionary, " Send us more temples of
the Holy Ghost." It almost seems that every
hundred dollars invested in an enterprise of such
strategic influence as this will yield at least one
man set apart to the service of heralding to his
people the blessed gospel of the Son of God.

If this threefold command of the Holy Spirit
— '' Pray ye," " Go ye," '' Bring ye " — is obeyed,
this generation shall not pass away until the Church
shall see '' a great multitude, of every nation, and
of all tribes and peoples and tongues," running to
and fro throughout the earth, publishing the " glad
tidings of great joy" which, the angels announced
to the shepherds, *' shall be to all the people."

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Ttie Holy Spirit in Missions. By Rev. A. J. Gordon, D.D,

Graves Lectures, 1S92. i2mo, cloth, gilt top 1.25

ne Life of John Kenneth Mackenzie, Medical Missionary to
China. By Mrs. Mary I, Bryson. With portrait. lamo, cloth,
gilt top 1.50

Medical Missions: Their Place and Power. By John Lowe.
Secretary of the Edinburgh Medical Society. Third Edition.
i2mo, cloth 1.50

The Evangelization of the World. A Record of Consecration,
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The Greatest Work in the World: The Evangelization of all
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**Do Not Say; " or, The Churches' Excuses for Neglecting the
Heathen. By J. H. Hosburgh, M.A. 97 pages, i2mo,
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♦♦* Ssnd/or Special List.

Missionary Biogiaphy Series.

'* ITiese are not pans of milk\ hut little pitchers of cream. IJ
there a*e any better brief biographical sketches for general use as
edticatorsofthepoung,andas a means of general stimulation, to
the missionary spirit, we have not met them anywhere.^''

—Rev. a. T. Pierson, D.D.

Fully illustrated. i2mo, cloth, each, 75 cents.

SET No. I.

Containing Volumes i to 6, boxed, $4. "50.

1. OriffUh John, Founder of the Hankow Mission, Central

China. By Wm. Robson.

2. Robert Moffat, the Missionary Hero of Kuruman. By David

J, Deane.

3. James Chalmers, Missionary and Explorer of Rarotonga

and New Guinea. By Wm. Robson.

4. William Carey, the Shoemaker who became a Missionary.

By Rev. John B. Meyers.

5. Robert iMorrlson, the Pioneer of Chinese Missions. By

Wm. J. Townsend.

6. Bishop Patteson, the Martyr of Melanesia. By Jesse Page

SET No. 2.
Containing Volumes 7 to 12, boxed, $4.50.

7. Samuel Crowther, the Slave Boy who became Bishop of the

Niger. By Jesse Page.

8. Thomas J. Comber, Missionary Pioneer to the Congo. By

Rev. John B. Meyers.

9. Missionary Ladies in Foreign Lands. By Mrs. E. R.

Williams.

10. John Williams, the Martyr Missionary of Polynesia. By

Rev. James J. Ellis.

11. James Calvert; or, From Dark to Dawn in Fiji. By R.

Vernon.
J2. Henry Martyn: His Life and Labors; Cambridge— India-
Persia. By Jesse Page.

SET No. J.
Containing Volumes 13 to 18, boxed, $4.50.

13. David Brainerd, the Apostle to the North American Indians.

By Jesse Page.

14. Madagascar, Its Missionaries and Martyrs. By W. J. Town-

send, D.D.

15. Thomas Birch Freeman, Missionary Pioneer to Ashanti,

Dahomey, and Egba. By Rev. John Milum.

16. Amid Greenland Snows; or, The Early History of Arctic

Missions. By Jesse Page.

17. Reginald Heber, Bishop o^ Calcutta. By Arthur Montefiorc
^8. Among the Maoris,

Travel and Exploration.

Ideality versus Romance in South Central Africa. Beinff an
Account of a Journey Across the African Continent, from Ben-
guella on the West Coast, to the mouth of the Zambesi. By
James Johnston, M.D. With 51 full-page photogravure repro-
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cloth, boxed $4.00

"Dr. Johnston has the courage of his opinions gained by
what he has seen. . . . The merits of this volume are
incontestable. The photogravures are as novel as they are e\'
ce\\ent."—TAe New York Times.

Chinese Characteristics, By Arthur H. Smith. Second Edition^
Revised, With 16 illustrations from original photographs. 8vo,
cloth 2.00

" Cannot be praised too highly."— Z^^ Independent (N. Y.)

" Not only one of the ablest analyses and portrayals of the
Chinese character, but on the whole one of the most judicial.
Twenty-two years' residence among the people, with command
of their language, has enabled Mr. Smith to see them as they
are."— 7^4^ Nation.

'•A completely trustworthy study."— TVii? Advance.

" Combines rare insight into facts with clear and forcible
formsj'of expression. Most delightful reading."— /f^w. A. T.
Pierson, D. D,

The Chronicles of the Sid; or, The Life and Travels of Adelia
Gates. By Adela E. Orpen. With many illustrations. 8vo,

cloth 1.50

" If Miss Gates is not the great American traveler, it would
be hard to find anyone who has a better right to the title. . . .
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i.mong the Tibetans. By Isabella Bird Bishop, author of "Un-
beaten Tracks in Japan," etc. Illustrations by Whymper.
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Paper 35

"This volun^e is as fresh and striking as was Miss Isabella
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Ten Years Digging in Egypt, 1881-1891, By W. M. Flinders
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i2mo, cloth 1.50

" The increase of our knowledge of the history of ancient
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The Ainu of Japan, The Religion, Superstitions and General
History of the Hairy Aborigines of Japan. By Rev. John
Batchelor. With 80 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 1.50

A Winter in North China. By Rev. T. M. Morris. With a map.
i2mo, cloth i.'So

V.SV/ also Pen and Pencil Series., By-Paths of Bible Knowleagt^
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Bible Readings.

Notes and Suggestions for Bible Readings. By S. R.

and J. H. Elliott. 4jtA thousand. 8vo, paper, 50c.; flexible clotl

75c.: cloth Ji.oo

Acknowledged to be the very best help for Bible readings
in print. Over six hundred outlines of Bible readings by many
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New Notes for Bible Readings. By S. R. Briggs. With memoir
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"The readings are practical helpful, full of suggestiveness,
and bring out the most important points and truths in the
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Scriptural Outlines by Books and Themes. By William G.

Carr. i2mo, cloth 75

" They are adapted to the Student of the Sacred Scriptures,
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Thessalonica. By Rev. F. E. Marsh. i2mo, cloth i.oo

" Has a distinct mission and deserves wide popularity."—
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Bible Briefs; or. Outline Themes for Scripture Students. By
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Broken Bread for Serving Disciples. A Companion to " Bible
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" We have looked through this book with pleasure and com-
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Oold from Ophir. Bible Readings, Original and Selected. By
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8vo, cloth 1.25

" A warehouse of pulpit and platform furniture ready for
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Bible Readings. By Henry Moorhouse. t2mo, paper, 30c.;
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*^*S*e also Introductory Studies, Works 0/ Re/trtnct,
and Cotnnientaries,

Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries

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